Beberapa hal harus dilihat dulu baru dapat dipercaya. Namun ada hal-hal yang bisa dipercaya sebelum dilihat. Itulah imajinasi. Imajinasi adalah pembentuk dunia kita. Banyak teknologi yang sekarang sedang dinikmati idenya bukan dari para ilmuwan, tapi merupakan imajinasi para penulis cerita fiksi ilmiah.
Para penulis itu telah membuat yang mustahil menjadi mungkin, seringkali dengan menantang hukum dari ilmu pengetahuan dan melewati batas-batas kenyataan. Ataukah mereka telah melihat gambaran masa depan melalui kemampuan imajinasinya kemudian menuangkannya dalam sebuah cerita fiksi?
Berikut ini adalah beberapa penemuan teknologi yang idenya berasal dari cerita fiksi ilmiah dan tentu saja sudah menjadi kenyataan di dalam kehidupan kita. Sekedar informasi imajinasi bukan sekedar khayalan sia-sia.
15) Telepon Selular
Ketika telepon flip pertama diproduksi, banyak orang berkomentar bahwa Ponsel tersebut tampak seperti komunikator dalam film Star Trek (1966). Itu bukan kebetulan. Martin Cooper, penemu ponsel genggam pertama, bahwa gadget Kapten Kirk’s nifty itu meng inspirasi seluruh konsep telepon portabel.
14) Kapal Selam
Kapal selam sudah ada sejak Perang Saudara dan bahkan digunakan dalam pertempuran. Namun, hal itu tidak sampai sebelum Jules Verne menerbitkan kisah klasik ” 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea” pada tahun 1870. kemudian para insinyur mulai membayangkan lebih maju tentang kapal yang dapat menggali lebih dalam ke laut.
13) Perangkat elektronik (E-Book)
Pada sebagian besar fiksi ilmiah, kertas adalah sebuah hal di masa lalu, dan beberapa gadget baru-baru ini menunjukkan ke arah itu. Pemilik e-book seperti Kindle Douglas Adams “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy untuk mengucapkan terima kasih, tanpa membawa kertas buku referensi.
12) Powered exoskeleton
Mungkin adegan yang paling terkenal dalam film Aliens 2 (1986) adalah ketika Ripley menyelamatkan seorang gadis kecil menggunakan hidrolik exoskeleton. Seseorang dalam militer tampaknya terinspirasi dari film tersebut, karena para ilmuwan baru-baru ini meluncurkan sebuah exoskeleton yang membantu seseorang mengangkat berat 200 pound tanpa kesulitan. Satu penemu di Jepang bahkan selangkah lebih maju dengan mengembangkan setelan fungsional hampir sama dengan yang di film.
11) Home Theaters
Diilhami dari novel Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 tahun 1951 tentang kisah masa depan Amerika salah satu nya dengan menghadirkan sebuah rumah yang lengkap dengan televisi layar lebar lengkap dengan perlengkapan audio surround sound systems. Sekarang kita memnyebutny “Home Theater”.
10) Software Penerjemah
“Babel Fish” bukan hanya nama acak dari AltaVista yang datang dengan perangkat lunak terjemahan web mereka. Ini sebenarnya merupakan gadget dari novel”The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” 1971 yang dapat menerjemahkan bahasa apapun setelah dimasukkan ke dalam telinga seseorang.
9) Taser
Ketika Jack Cover mengembangkan prototipe pertama untuk senapan mematikan, ia terinspirasi dari novel tahun 1911 karya Victor Appleton yang ia baca ketika masih anak-anak “Thomas A. Swift ’s Electric Rifle.”, salah satunya menampilkan sebuah “senapan listrik” yang digunakan untuk berburu.
Virus Komputer
Hei, tidak ada yang mengatakan fiksi ilmiah bukan saja mengilhami penemuan-penemuan yang baik. Ketika peneliti sengaja menciptakan virus komputer pertama pada tahun 1975, mereka menggambarkannya sebagai “cacing.” Istilah ini diambil dari novel John Brunner, The Shockwave Rider ‘, di mana “cacing pita” mulai menginfeksi komputer di seluruh dunia.
7) Satelit
Edward Everett Hale penulis yang mengeksplorasi ide pertama dari sebuah satelit dalam cerita pendek, “The Brick Moon,” tapi itu terkenal setelah penulis fiksi ilmiah Arthur C. Clarke yang pertama kali mengusulkan satelit sebagai alat untuk komunikasi massal. Dia menulis sebuah artikel pada tahun 1945 yang menggambarkan perangkat komunikasi yang melayang di orbit untuk memberikan kecepatan tinggi komunikasi global. Tujuh tahun kemudian, Sputnik diluncurkan.
6) VCR / DVD Player
Sementara sebagian besar dunia mengagumi penemuan gambar bergerak di tahun 1890-an, HG Wells sudah memikirkan cara untuk membuatnya lebih baik. Pada satu titik dalam novelnya, seseorang terbangun, seorang pria menemukan sebuah mesin yang tampaknya untuk menyimpan dan memutar film untuk hiburan pribadi.
5) PDA atau Pocket Komputer
Pada tahun 1974, ketika sebagian besar komputer yang cukup besar mengisi seluruh kamar, Larry Niven membayangkan sebuah versi berukuran saku dalam novelnya ” The Mote in God’s Eye”. Dikisahkan “komputer saku” yang banyak digunakan untuk perhitungan matematis dan mencatat, tapi dengan fungsi-fungsi komunikasi mereka, Niven mungkin juga menggambarkannya sebagai Blackberry atau iPhone.
4) Robot (R.U.R. oleh Karel Capek, Metropolis)
Gagasan untuk membangun kehidupan artifisial telah ada selama berabad-abad, tetapi istilah “robot” diperkenalkan pertama kali dalam permainan Karel Capek, RUR (Rossum’s Universal Robots). Namun, untuk melihatnya belum terwujud sampai tahun 1927, film Metropolis diluncurkan menggambarkan bahwa orang-orang mulai melihat robot sebagai mesin humanoid yang dapat dikendalikan oleh seorang programmer. 3) Space Travel
Meskipun novel tahun 1865 berjudul “Dari Bumi ke Bulan” menceritakan kisah Komedi, Jules Verne melakukan beberapa perhitungan yang serius untuk kembali mengangkat kisah tentang tiga orang mencoba untuk melakukan perjalanan ke bulan menggunakan meriam. Beberapa teori-teorinya dan persamaannya yang akurat ternyata mengejutkan kepada mereka yang melakukan misi Apollo, dan ia bahkan dengan benar meramalkan bahwa bobot akan ada di luar angkasa. 2) Internet
Buku William Gibson, Neuromancer, sekaligus mengatur dasar bagi genre cyberpunk serta internet (atau lebih tepatnya, World Wide Web). Dalam dunia dystopian, hampir semua orang dapat mengakses jaringan komputer global yang menggunakan antarmuka otak khusus, yang memungkinkan semua orang di planet ini untuk bertukar informasi dengan cepat. Terdengar akrab? 1) Bom Atom
Tidak sulit untuk membayangkan sebuah ledakan besar, tapi Robert Cromie (1856-1907) membayangkan sarana untuk melakukan hal yang akhirnya akan menjadi kenyataan. Dalam The Crack of Doom, ia menulis tentang senjata yang menggunakan energi atom faktor resikonya memusnahkan hampir dua kilometer persegi tanah. Lebih dari empat dekade kemudian, Proyek Manhattan berjalan baik.
Description: 15 Teknologi Modern yang terinspirasi dari kisah Fiksi Ilmiah
Rating: 5.0
Reviewer: garry bale
ItemReviewed: 15 Teknologi Modern yang terinspirasi dari kisah Fiksi Ilmiah
Legenda Vampire boleh dibilang sama tuanya dengan kebudayaan manusia itu sendiri. Kita sendiri lebih mengenal makhluk ini dari film-film Holywood. Tapi apakah ada vampire di masa modern ini?
Legenda makhluk penghisap darah ini tersebar di hampir semua bagian dunia, dan karena itu, tentu akan sangat sulit menyangkal keberadaannya.
Vampire dalam sejarah 4.000 tahun yang lalu, penduduk Assyiria dan Babylonia kuno sudah mengenal figur dewi yang sangat ditakuti bernama Lamastu. Dewi iblis ini dipercaya memangsa manusia, menghisap darah dan menyebarkan penyakit.
Sedangkan dalam kebudayaan Yahudi, dikenal figur yang disebut Lilith. Dalam legenda para Vampire, Lilith ini dipercaya sebagai Vampire pertama yang ada di dunia. Ia digambarkan sebagai seorang wanita iblis yang suka datang pada malam hari untuk mencuri bayi atau janin yang masih dalam kandungan. Kisah Lilith kemungkinan memang terinspirasi dari Lamastu mengingat kaum Yahudi pernah dibuang ke Babylonia ribuan tahun yang lalu.
Namun, kebanyakan dari kita tidak mengenal Lamastu atau Lilith. Kita lebih mengenal figur Vampire yang terkenal seperti Dracula. Vampire jenis ini, yang sering kita tonton lewat film, kebanyakan memang dipengaruhi oleh vampire versi Eropa.
Pada abad 17 dan 18, histeria vampire pernah menyapu Eropa. Banyak penduduk Eropa yang melaporkan melihat keluarga mereka yang telah meninggal hidup kembali dan berjalan di pedesaan serta menyerang penduduk lainnya.
Histeria ini kemudian menyebabkan pemerintah turun tangan. Mereka membongkar kuburan tersangka vampire, menusuk dada mayat itu dengan batang kayu tajam dan membakar mayat tersebut. Ketakutan akan vampire menyebar ke seluruh Eropa sehingga menyebabkan vampire menjadi sebuah objek spekulasi akademis, puisi, lukisan dan bahkan karya sastra. Novel Dracula karya Bram Stoker adalah salah satunya.
Bram Stoker menyeleksi beberapa kisah vampire dan kemudian menambahkan beberapa detail ciptaannya yang kemudian menjadi standar karakter bagi vampire modern. Dari Bram Stoker juga, beberapa karakter vampire yang unik ditambahkan. Misalnya Vampire, dalam hal ini dracula, tidak memiliki refleksi bayangan diri di cermin. Padahal kisah-kisah rakyat Eropa malah menceritakan kalau vampire adalah tokoh narsis yang suka terpesona dengan wajahnya ketika bercermin.
Setelah Bram Stoker, karakter vampire mulai berevolusi di tangan para penulis dan pembuat film Holywood yang muncul belakangan, seperti Anne Rice, Joss Whedon atau Stephenie Meyer.
Lalu pertanyaannya sekarang adalah, adakah vampire di dunia ini pada masa sekarang?
Cukup luar biasa, karena untuk mencari vampire di masa modern, saya menjelajah dunia internet dan menemukan sangat banyak website yang dibuat oleh mereka yang mengaku sebagai vampire.
Namun, semua website tersebut mengakui kalau penggambaran karakter vampire dalam film-film Holywood adalah berlebihan. Menurut mereka, vampire adalah manusia biasa yang karena alasan tertentu memiliki satu atau lebih karakter vampire Holywood.
Dalam film-film, vampire digambarkan sebagai mayat yang hidup kembali, memiliki taring, menghisap darah, terbakar oleh sinar matahari, takut dengan bawang putih dan relik keagamaan seperti salib atau air suci. Mereka juga dipercaya sebagai makhluk abadi, bisa terbang, bertenaga kuat, berwajah pucat dan tidur di peti mati. Jika menghisap darah, mereka akan mengincar leher korban dan korban tersebut akan berubah menjadi vampire juga.
Jika kalian bertanya, adakah makhluk yang memiliki semua karakteristik di atas di dunia ini? Saya akan menjawab tidak ada. Karakter-karakter di atas adalah karakter ciptaan penulis dan pembuat film. Jadi, jangan berharap ada komunitas vampire abadi dengan para tetua yang memimpin di markas rahasia seperti yang kita saksikan di film Blade atau underworld.
Namun, seperti yang sudah saya katakan di atas. Pada masa modern ini, ada sekelompok orang yang percaya kalau mereka adalah vampire, namun dengan definisi yang berbeda. Identifikasi ini bisa muncul karena mereka memiliki satu atau lebih ciri vampire Holywood, seperti takut dengan sinar matahari atau meminum darah.
Jadi, saya akan mengajak anda untuk melihat sedikit mengenai kelompok-kelompok ini dan klaim yang mereka ajukan.
Vampire gaya hidup Mereka yang termasuk ke dalam vampire jenis ini adalah mereka yang tertarik dengan gaya hidup vampire yang mereka saksikan di film-film. Tapi, bukan cuma sekedar mengidolakan, mereka bahkan benar-benar berkomitmen untuk menjalani kehidupan sebagai vampire. mereka akan berdandan ala Gothic dan menaruh bedak putih di wajah. Mereka juga membentuk klan-klan vampire seperti di film. Namun golongan ini mengaku kalau mereka tidak memiliki kekuatan supranatural ataupun meminum darah.
Vampire Sanguine Sanguine berarti merah darah. Vampire jenis ini adalah vampire gaya hidup yang bertindak lebih jauh dengan meminum darah manusia. Tidak berarti harus meminum satu gelas darah. Biasanya mereka hanya menambahkan beberapa tetes darah ke dalam minuman mereka. Kadang, mereka bahkan bisa menemukan sukarelawan yang rela tangannya dilukai supaya darahnya bisa dihisap. Beberapa vampire sanguine ini akhirnya menjadi kecanduan akan darah sehingga mereka akan terus menerus mencari darah manusia untuk diminum.
Ini wajar, karena ketika seseorang meminum darah, ia dapat terkena sebuah penyakit yang disebut Reinfeld's Syndrome (Vampiric syndrome). Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh kebiasaan meminum darah dalam jumlah yang berlebihan sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya reaksi kimia di dalam tubuh yang menyebabkan kecanduan.
Mereka yang meminum darah ini biasanya juga percaya kalau darah akan memberikan kepada mereka kekuatan dan energi yang luar biasa. Praktek ini juga bisa ditemukan di suku-suku terasing seperti suku Maasai dari Afrika. Suku Mongolia masa Genghis Khan juga biasa mencampurkan susu mereka dengan darah yang dipercaya bisa meningkatkan keberanian dan kekuatan.
Vampire Psikopat Jika kita hanya membatasi definisi vampire dengan makhluk yang meminum darah, maka beberapa pembunuh berantai layak mendapatkan julukan sebagai Vampire. Pada awal abad 20, Peter Kurten melakukan 9 pembunuhan dan 7 percobaan pembunuhan. Ia disebut mencapai orgasme seksual ketika melihat darah korbannya dan kadang malah suka menjilatinya. Karena itu Peter Kurten mendapat julukan "The Vampire of Dussledorf".
Richard Trenton Chase, pembunuh lainnya, juga mendapat julukan yang mirip, "The Vampire of Sacramento". Ia membunuh 6 orang dan meminum darah mereka.
Namun yang paling luar biasa mungkin adalah Manuela Ruda dan suaminya, Daniel, yang berasal dari Jerman.
Mereka membunuh seorang pria bernama Frank Hagen yang berusia 33 tahun di bawah sebuah banner yang bertuliskan kalimat "When Satan Lives". Lalu, pasangan itu meminum darah korbannya dan berhubungan seks di dalam peti mati.
Ketika di pengadilan, Ruda bersaksi:
"Kami bertemu banyak orang yang menawarkan darah mereka untuk kami minum. Di London, kami berhubungan dengan banyak vampire. Kami meminum darah dari orang-orang hidup. Saya punya taring hewan yang saya tanam di dalam mulut supaya lebih gampang menggigit. Lalu, saya menajamkan gigi saya yang lain. Kami mempelajari urat nadi mana yang harus digigit dan kami tidur di kuburan. Pernah suatu hari kami menggali sebuah kuburan dan tidur di dalamnya hanya untuk mengetahui bagaimana rasanya. Selama 2,5 tahun terakhir ini, saya memiliki setan di dalam jiwa saya."
Pasangan ini juga percaya kalau mereka akan bereinkarnasi sebagai Vampire. Mereka biasa mengorbankan kambing dan ayam sebelum mereka meningkatkannya menjadi korban manusia.
Kedengarannya sangat vampire, atau vampire psikopat. Tapi, dari kesaksiannya kita tahu kalau pasangan ini telah menciptakan karakternya sendiri. Mereka tidak lahir dengan gigi taring dan keinginan untuk meminum darah. Mereka mengakui kalau mulai tertarik dengan vampirisme ketika ia berhubungan dengan setan.
Psychic Vampire (Vampire paranormal) Vampire jenis ini sering disebut Pranic Vampire. Mereka juga berasal dari vampire gaya hidup, namun dengan suatu alasan batiniah perlu mendapatkan energi dari sumber luar dan mereka mengklaim punya kemampuan untuk menghisap energi dari orang yang ada di sekelilingnya. Jika orang-orang berkumpul dengan vampire jenis ini di dalam suatu ruangan, maka orang-orang di dalam ruangan itu akan merasa lemah karena energi mereka dimakan oleh vampire paranormal.
Entahkah fenomena ini nyata atau tidak, sukar membuktikannya. Namun, para vampire jenis ini mengakui kalau mereka memiliki teknik tersendiri untuk memangsa energi orang lain.
Vampire Karena Penyakit Seperti yang sudah saya katakan di atas. Dalam masa modern ini, seseorang bisa disebut sebagai vampire karena ia memiliki satu atau lebih karakter vampire Holywood. Ini salah satu contohnya.
Vampire jenis ini adalah manusia yang terkena penyakit langka yang disebut Porphyria. Penyakit ini menyebabkan tubuh manusia mengalami ketidakteraturan produksi Heme, sebuah pigmen yang kaya akan zat besi di dalam darah, sehingga yang bersangkutan akan menjadi sensitif terhadap ultraviolet atau cahaya matahari. Jika terkena cahaya matahari sedikit saja, kulit orang tersebut akan menjadi rusak. Bibir dan gigi mereka akan menjadi lebih merah sehingga terlihat seperti hewan. Dalam kasus yang berat, hidung dan jari tangan yang bersangkutan bahkan bisa lepas dengan sendirinya. .
Karena itu, penderita penyakit ini akan mengindari sinar matahari dan hanya keluar pada malam hari.
Akibat kelainan ini, secara alamiah, mekanisme tubuh akan membuat penderita penyakit ini menjadi lebih berbulu untuk melindungi kulit dari sinar matahari. Dr.David Dolphin dari University of British Columbia percaya kalau penderita penyakit ini telah menginspirasi legenda vampire dan werewolf.
Bahkan, penyakit ini juga bisa dihubungkan dengan bawang putih. Menurut Dr.Dolphin, bawang putih memiliki kandungan kimia yang bisa memperparah penyakit ini. Ini menyebabkan penderita Porphyria pasti akan menjauhi bawang putih.
Porphyria diperkirakan menyerang 1 dari setiap 200.000 penduduk dan masih tidak ada obatnya. Jika ada 6 milyar penduduk, maka itu berarti ada sekitar 30.000 penderita porphyria di dunia.
Selain karena Porphyria, ada website vampire lainnya yang mengklaim kalau vampire adalah mereka yang terjangkit dengan retrovirus, sebuah virus RNA yang mereplikasi diri di dalam sel induk via enzim tertentu untuk menghasilkan DNA dari genom RNAnya.
Para vampire golongan ini percaya kalau retrovirus ini telah membuat mereka menjadi lebih kuat, lebih tahan sakit, insting yang lebih baik dan lebih cepat bergerak. Mereka juga mengakui kalau mereka selalu merasa kekurangan darah sehingga mereka juga memerlukan konsumsi darah dari luar.
Namun, teori ini masih belum dibuktikan secara sains karena saat ini hanya ada tiga jenis retrovirus yang dikenal bisa menginfeksi manusia (salah satunya adalah HIV). Retrovirus yang menyebabkan vampirisme tidak atau belum pernah ditemukan sama sekali.
Penutup Sebenarnya, saya mendapatkan beberapa belas pertanyaan mengenai vampire. Tapi sebagian besar pertanyaan tersebut berdasarkan atas anggapan kalau vampire masa modern sama persis dengan vampire Holywood. Saya rasa, soal ini sudah saya jawab di atas. Vampire masa modern adalah manusia juga yang karena alasan tertentu memiliki satu atau lebih karakteristik vampire Holywood.
Untuk vampire jenis ini, ya, mereka ada dan hidup seperti layaknya manusia biasa. Tentu saja dengan sedikit perbedaan dalam kebiasaan. sumber: http://xfile-enigma.blogspot.com/2010/03/mencari-keberadaan-vampire-di-masa.html
Description: Mencari keberadaan Vampire di masa modern
Rating: 5.0
Reviewer: garry bale
ItemReviewed: Mencari keberadaan Vampire di masa modern
Sejak zaman nenek moyang awal kita, manusia telah secara bertahap meningkatkan cara-cara untuk menyakiti dan membunuh satu sama lain. Di era teknologi, kemampuan untuk menimbulkan kerusakan pada orang lain telah mencapai ketinggian baru dan militer di seluruh dunia telah dikembangkan atau sedang dalam proses mengembangkan beragam aneh dan sering menakutkan senjata baru untuk abad ke-21.
01. The Special Weapons Observation Reconnaissance Detection SystemThe Special Weapons Observation Reconnaissance Detection System atau pedang adalah robot Talon pertama kali digunakan dalam deteksi dan penghapusan bahan peledak yang telah diubah dengan senjata terpasang. Pedang adalah radio yang dikendalikan dan dapat dilengkapi dengan senapan mesin, senapan, peluncur granat anti-tank dan peluncur roket. Dengan robot bersenjata telah digunakan di Irak, sebagian memperkirakan ini adalah awal era baru peperangan dan itu hanya soal waktu sebelum unit robot bersenjata membentuk sebagian besar tentara modern, dan bahkan mungkin mulai berpikir untuk diri mereka sendiri.
02. Electromagnetic Personnel Interdiction Control
Personil yang elektromagnetik larangan Control atau EPIC pendek sedang dikembangkan oleh US Navy sebagai senjata yang tidak mematikan. Ini menghilangkan intens emisi frekuensi radio yang dapat menembus dinding dan mengganggu fungsi sasaran telinga bagian dalam, yang efek keseimbangan dan koordinasi mereka dan memberi mereka kasus buruk mabuk. Senjata dirancang untuk menaklukkan musuh tanpa terlalu banyak kerusakan kepada mereka, meski bisa agak berantakan.
03. The Silent GuardianSenjata lain didesain oleh militer AS untuk mengalahkan musuh tanpa melukai mereka adalah The Silent Guardian. Senjata adalah gelombang milimeter 95GHz "sistem penolakan aktif" dan memiliki jangkauan 500 meter. Hal ini dapat digunakan untuk setiap sasaran atau massa dan memanaskan kulit target hingga ke suhu 50 derajat Celcius yang sebanding dengan ledakan dari oven yang sangat panas; repels panas atau kerumunan orang, memaksa mereka mundur ke belakang. Ketika target bergerak keluar dari jangkauan balok, pembakaran sensasi berhenti dan tidak ada kerusakan yang disebabkan.
04. The Air Born LaserThe Air Born Laser atau sistem senjata ABL saat ini sedang dalam pengembangan dan akan menggunakan energi tinggi, iodine oksigen kimia laser (COIL) dipasang di sebuah diubah 747-400F (kargo) pesawat terutama untuk menembak jatuh rudal balistik. Idenya adalah bahwa jet ramah akan patroli wilayah di ketinggian sekitar 40.000 kaki dan pramuka untuk rudal seperti yang diluncurkan. ABL sistem yang kemudian akan menyampaikan informasi ke komputer yang akan menghitung saja dan arah sebelum lain kelas laser dengan kekuatan senjata akan menghancurkan rudal di atas wilayah peluncuran.
05. High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program [HAARP]Frekuensi Tinggi Aktif Auroral Penelitian Program atau HAARP adalah proyek yang mempengaruhi sistem cuaca, yang menurut beberapa ilmuwan, sedang dikembangkan di bagian paling tidak, untuk digunakan sebagai senjata. HAARP akan dapat meningkatkan dan memperpanjang badai dan mengalihkan Sungai uap di atmosfer bumi menyebabkan banjir atau kekeringan pada target tertentu. Beberapa bahkan menyatakan senjata itu dapat menyebabkan gempa bumi dan letusan gunung berapi dan beberapa percaya ini sudah terjadi. Saat menjelaskan gempa bumi yang melanda Tangshan di Cina pada 28 Juli 1976, dan membunuh lebih dari 650.000 orang, New York Times melaporkan bahwa saksi menyatakan bahwa tepat sebelum getaran pertama langit menyala seterang hari di sebuah lampu merah putih. Tanaman di kawasan itu dibakar sampai garing, hangus di satu sisi seolah-olah oleh bola api. Hal ini telah membuat sebagian apa yang disebut teori konspirasi untuk berspekulasi bahwa 'cuaca senjata' sudah digunakan, dan telah selama beberapa waktu. sumber: http://ph4ph4t.blogspot.com/2010/03/5-senjata-militer-modern-yang-aneh.html
Description: 5 Senjata Militer Modern yang Aneh
Rating: 5.0
Reviewer: garry bale
ItemReviewed: 5 Senjata Militer Modern yang Aneh
Diktator adalah kepala pemerintahan yang berkuasa mutlak, terutama yang telah memperoleh kekuasaan melalui kekerasan atau dengan cara yang tidak demokratis (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia hal 354). Sesuai perjalanan sejarah dunia, banyak negara di dunia ini yang dikuasai dan dikepalai oleh seorang diktator dan rezimnya. Tentu saja setiap diktator memiliki keunikan dan sisi negatif yang menggelikan dan nampak konyol. Berikut adalah 5 diktator era modern:
1. Kim Jong-Il
Kim Jong-Il, pemegang tampuk kekuasaan tertinggi Korea Utara. Ia memeroleh kekuasaan sebagai warisan dari sang ayah Kim Il-Sung yang meninggal pada 1998. Ia memiliki pasukan beranggotakan perempuan,”Pasukan Kesenangan” (Pleasure Squad) yang setia menemani perjalanannya. Ia dianugerahi sebutan “Pencipta Alam Semesta”, hal yang sama dimiliki oleh ayahnya. Ia pun dianggap memiliki kekuatan supranatural semenjak dilahirkan,dan mengklaim bahwa Korea Utara merupakan negara paling demokratis, bebas, dan bangsa yang terhormat di muka bumi. Ia mengklaim bahwa Korea utara adalah sebuah surga, dimana tidak ada masyarakatnya yang mengalami kemiskinan, dan hidup bahagia. Pada kenyataannya, masyarakat Korea Utara tersiksa, disiksa, dan kebanyakan mereka menafkahi hidupnya dengan bekerja di ladang yang dimiliki bersama.
2. Mobutu Sese Seko
Mobutu adalah Presiden Zaire (sekarang bernama Republik Demokratis Kongo). “Zaire” merupakan kata yang bermakna sungai. Ia membuat peraturan mengenai pertelevisian, dengan tidak menyebutkan nama lain selain namanya dalam setiap siaran televisi. Ia melarang semua cetakan topi yang berasal dari kulit macan tutul yang berasal dari Zaire, kecuali yang dipakainya. Ia memerintahkan untuk menyebutkan bahwa ia diturunkan dari surga, sebelum siaran televisi malam dimulai. Ia menjuluki dirinya,”Sang pemiliki semua kekuatan ksatria, karena ketahanan dan hasrat untuk menang, akan mengarungi peperangan demi peperangan dan meninggalkan kobaran api saat kebangkitan tiba.” Ia memenjarakan siapa saja yang tidak memiliki nama Afrika. Ia digulingkan pada 1997, dan meninggal pada 7 September, 1997, akibat kanker prostat,di Maroko.
3. Saparmurat Niyazov
Niyazof merupakan Presiden seumur hidup Turkmenistan dari 1990-2006. Ia dikenal dengan penamaan kalender atas nama diri, keluarga dan bukunya. Ia menamai sebuah roti dengan nama ibunya, dan membuat kastil es yang besar berada di tengah-tengah Turkmenistan, sebuah negara padang pasir. Ia melarang penggunaan riasan, gigi emas, dan lip sync (gerak bibir yang mengikuti suara) saat pertunjukan. Ia meminta untuk menyejajarkan buku karyanya dengan Al-Quran, dan semua orang Turkmenistan diwajibkan untuk memiliki foto dirinya. Semua orang diwajibkan menghapalkan buku untuk menjamin pekerjaannya, dan tidak akan memeroleh surat ijin mengemudi seandainya tidak menghapalkan isi buku di dalam hatinya. Turkmenistan adalah sebuah negara yang memiliki partai tunggal.
4. Idi Amin
Idi Amin Dada merupakan seorang diktator Uganda, kekuasaannya berlangsung dari 1971 hingga 1979. Ia dilaporkan, akan menghukum mereka yang membangkang dengan menjadikannya santapan buaya peliharaannya. Ia memerintahkan untuk mengusir semua orang Asia yang berada di Uganda hanya karena sebuah keluarga Asia menolaknya untuk meminang putri mereka. Ia juga mengklaim dirinya sebagai Raja dari Skotlandia, dan mengirimkan suratnya kepada Ratu Elizabeth. Ia pergi ke Libia setelah kejatuhan rezimnya, lalu ke Arab Saudi, dan meninggal di sana pada 2003.
5. Rafael Trujillo
Rafael Trujillo merupakan seorang diktator dari Republik Dominika, kekuasaannya berlangsung dari 1930 hingga 1938, dan 1942 hingga 1952. Ia merupakan salah satu dari sekian diktator yang menyebut dirinya Tuhan ataupun Dewa. Ia meminta semua gereja untuk memasangkan sebuah tulisan,” Bapa di surga, Trujillo di Bumi.” Ia juga mengorganisasikan sebuah perayaan yang memakan biaya sebesar 30 juta dollar Amerika serikat, dengan tema “Pekan Perdamaian dan Persahabatan Dunia” (Fair of Peace and Fraternity of the Free World), dan menunjuk putrinya sebagai ratu. Ia menunjuk anaknya yang berusia tiga tahun sebagai kolonel. Ia mengkampanyekan istrinya agar mendapatkan nobel sastra, walaupun istrinya seorang buta huruf. Ia membuat peraturan yang mewajibkan semua pengesahan surat-surat legal, memiliki tulisan/stempel “Viva Trujillo,” dan mempromosikan anaknya (masih sangat muda) untuk menjadi sorang jendral. Ia akhirnya terbunuh pada 1961, akibat serangan oleh sekelompok yang beranggotakan 11 orang, dan keluarganya dipaksa meninggalkan Republik Dominika.(**)
sumber
Description: 5 Diktator Modern Dengan Prilaku Anehnya
Rating: 5.0
Reviewer: garry bale
ItemReviewed: 5 Diktator Modern Dengan Prilaku Anehnya
The first women to compete in the Olympic Games played a quiet croquet match in a cauldron of trees and grass in Paris in 1900. There was only one paying spectator, an unnamed “gentle Englishman,” as the official Olympic report recalls. Since then, the games have changed immensely. One of the biggest changes has been the support and addition of women’s sports. Today, these sports have placed women in the athletic spotlight making some of these competitions the most closely followed games in the Olympics. From these games, I have selected the top ten greatest female athletes in Olympian history.
In an effort to maintain objectivity in determining the top ten greatest female athletes in modern Olympian history, I used the Luchies Olympic Formula (LOF) for medals in which Gold = 5 Points; Silver = 3 Points; Bronze = 2 Points to obtain a point total for each athlete. In doing so, I was able to rank the top ten greatest female athletes according to the total scores on the LOF. While everyone may not agree with this methodology, I think most will agree that all these outstanding achievements should be celebrated.
10. Amy Van Dyken
Medals: 6 Gold = 30 points
When Amy Van Dyken was in high school, her swimming teammates teased her. They said she swam so slowly that they did not want her on their team anymore. Other students made fun of Van Dyken because she was so tall and acted like a “nerd.” In addition to the teasing, she also suffered from asthma, a disease that made it so hard for her to breathe that she could not even climb stairs. Despite all these obstacles, Van Dyken kept swimming. Soon she was so good that she became the star of her team. In July 1996, at the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, Van Dyken swam into the record books by becoming the first American woman to win four gold medals in one Olympic Games.
9. Natalie Coughlin
Medals: 3 Gold; 4 Silver; 4 Bronze = 35 points
Natalie Coughlin burst onto the international swim scene at the 2001 World Championships, winning a gold medal in the 100 backstroke and a bronze in the 50 backstroke. In 2002 at the Pan-Pacifics, she was more dominant, winning six medals, four gold with three individual championships in the 100-free, 100-fly, and 100-back. Coughlin was an early favorite for the 2004 Olympics, but her performance in 2003, and especially at the World Championships, was unimpressive. There she won only two relay medals, although it was later revealed that she was quite sick and had considered not competing. Although somewhat overshadowed by the media attention given Michael Phelps, Coughlin was the top female swimmer at the 2004 Olympic Games, winning five medals, including two gold. Individually, she won the 100 meter backstroke and finished third in the 100 freestyle. She won her second gold medal in the 800 meter freestyle relay and added two silvers as a member of the United States’ teams in the other relays.
Coughlin continued after 2004 and won a 4×200 freestyle relay gold medal at the 2005 World Championships. In 2007, she won the 100-backstroke and 200-freestyle at the Worlds, adding a gold medal in the 4×2 free relay. In Beijing, she was again eclipsed by the frenzy that surrounded American swimmers Michael Phelps and Dara Torres. But she competed in six events, winning a medal in all of them, highlighted by an individual gold medal in the 100 backstroke, becoming the first woman to defend that Olympic title. In two Olympics, she competed in 11 events and won 11 medals, three gold.
8. Polina Astakhova
Medals: 5 Gold, 2 Silver, 3 Bronze = 37 points
For number eight on our list, we have a tie between two great female athletes, Polina Astakhova and Raisa Smetanina. Polina Astakhova won team gold medals at the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympic Games, a feat that she shares with Larisa Latynina, making them the only gymnasts to be members of three gold-medal winning teams. Astakhova also won gold on the uneven parallel bars and placed third in the individual all-around in both 1960 and 1964. She added silver medals in both 1960 and 1964 in the floor exercises, and her final Olympic tally included 10 medals, five gold, three silver, and two bronze. At the world championships she was less successful, but was a member of the Soviet Union team that won the team title in both 1958 and 1962.
8. Raisa Smetanina
Medals: 4 Gold; 5 Silver; 1 Bronze = 37 points
Over a long career that encompassed five Olympics, Raisa Smetanina compiled one of the greatest records of any female cross-country skier. She grew up in an area near the Ural Mountains called Komi, where she learned to ski in the frigid winters. A loner, she grew up as an only child, and remained single throughout her long career, focusing almost exclusively on her skiing. She began skiing in 1967 and was first named to the Soviet national team in 1972. Smetanina first came to international attention at the 1974 World Championships where she finished first in the 5-kilometer and helped the Soviet Union relay team to win the championship. This led to her greatest Olympic performance at Innsbruck in 1976. She competed in three events, medaling in all three, with silver in 5 kilometers; and gold in the 10-kilometer and the relay.
Smetanina competed at the Olympic Winter Games in 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, and 1992, retiring after the Albertville Olympics. During that time, she won 10 Olympic medals, including four gold. Two of the gold medals came in 1976, and she added another individual gold in the 1980 5-kilometer. Smetanina’s Olympic career ended when she helped the Soviet women’s relay team to a gold at the 1992 Winter Olympics. Her gold medal in the relay came only 12 days before her fortieth birthday, making her the oldest female gold medalist in Olympic Winter history.
Raisa Smetanina also won 13 medals at the World Championships. Of these, three were gold medals, including relay titles with the Soviet Union team in 1974 and 1985. Her only individual world title came in the 20-kilometer in 1982. In addition to her international triumphs, Smetanina was 21 times champion of the Soviet Union and was named an Emeritus Master of Sport of the USSR. Smetanina grew up skiing in the classical Nordic style, and never adjusted well to the skating technique which was popularized in the early 1980’s. She stubbornly refused to learn the skating style and thereafter her competition was confined to the shorter classical style races.
7. Agnes Keleti
Medals: 5 Gold; 3 Silver; 2 Bronze = 38 points
Agnes Keleti is the greatest gymnast ever produced by Hungary. She first became interested in gymnastics shortly before World War II and her training began at the well-known Jewish VAC Club of Budapest. She quickly became a top young gymnast, but her career was interrupted by World War II. During the war her father was removed to Auschwitz, where he was killed by the Nazis. Agnes Keleti and the rest of her family survived by finding refuge in a “Swedish House” administered by Raoul Wallenberg, who became quite famous for assisting Jews to escape from concentration camps.
After World War II, Keleti returned to gymnastics and won her first Hungarian championship in 1946, on the uneven parallel bars. In 1947, she made her first international impact when she dominated the Central European Gymnastics Championships. She initially earned her living as a fur worker, but she was later a demonstrator at the Faculty of Gymnastics of the Budapest School for Physical Culture. Keleti was also an accomplished professional musician playing the cello. After serving as an alternate in 1948, Keleti competed in the 1952 and 1956 Olympic Games, at which she won 10 medals, including five gold. At the 1954 World Gymnastics Championships she won the uneven parallel bars, for her only individual world title. She was also on the winning Hungarian team in the team portable apparatus event. Keleti won four medals at the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, including gold on the floor exercises. Her greatest gymnastics feats came at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics when she won six medals, including four gold. In the individual apparatus finals she won the balance beam, floor exercises, and the uneven parallel bars. She had a poor performance on the vault where she placed twenty-third and the all-around individual gold finishing second to the Soviet Union’s Larisa Latynina. Keleti also won gold as part of the Hungarian team in the portable apparatus event.
Despite her success in Melbourne, politics again interceded in her career. In late October, Israel invaded Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula, and then shortly before the 1956 Olympics, on 4 November 1956, Soviet tanks entered Budapest to quell an uprising there. The two events led to a small boycott of the Olympics. Although Hungary competed, many of its athletes defected, and Keleti was among them. She stayed in Australia and then settled in Israel, where she taught physical education at the Orde Wingate Institute and later became the national women’s gymnastics coach.
6. Lyubov Yegorova
Medals: 6 Gold; 3 Silver = 39 points
Lyubov Yegorova is the most successful female Winter Olympian. Only one person has won more Olympic Winter titles than Yegorova and he was also a cross country skier named Bjorn Daehlie.
Yegorova dominated the women’s cross country events at both the 1992 and 1994 Olympics, medalling in nine of the 10 events held. She was also successful at the World Championships, winning two titles in 1991, and four medals overall including a relay title in 1993. In 1994 she also won the prestigious Holmenkollen medal.
After an absence in which she became a mother, she returned with her fourth world title in Trondheim at the 1997 World Championships. However, a few days after her victory, she was found to have used the illegal substance Bromantan and Yegorova was subsequently stripped of her title and banned from competition for two years. She returned to competition after two years, but was unable to reach her previous successes though she managed to place fifth in the Salt Lake 10-kilometer race.
5. Dara Torres
Medals: 4 Gold; 4 Silver; 4 Bronze = 40 points
Dara Torres has had the longest successful career of any Olympic swimmer, one which has seen her win 12 Olympic medals and four gold. Torres began her career in 1984, winning a gold medal in the 4 x 100 freestyle relay. She added a silver and bronze in relays in 1988, and seemingly ended her swimming career with another gold in the 4 x 100 freestyle relay in 1992. Tall and strikingly attractive, Torres then began a career as a model, becoming the first athlete to appear in the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue. She also achieved notice as a commercial spokeswoman on an infomercial for a fitness training method, but in late 1998, she elected to return to competitive swimming. With little time to prepare, she returned to the Olympic pool at Sydney, and won five medals, including two gold in relays. She won three individual bronze medals at Sydney one in the 50-meter freestyle, the 100-meter freestyle, and the 100-meter fly.
Again retiring after the 2000 Olympics, Torres did not compete in Athens. But in 2006 she began training to make another Olympic team and made the US team for Beijing, winning the Olympic Trials in both the 50 and 100 meter freestyle. But she elected to compete in Beijing only in the 50 and the 4×100 freestyles and medley relays. Aged 41, the oldest ever female Olympic swimmer, Torres won a silver medal in the 50-meter freestyle, a race in which she was lost the gold by only 1/100th of a second. She added silver medals in both relays. Torres finished her Olympic career lacking only an individual gold medal. She has won four medals of each color, one of only two Olympians to have won four or more medals of each type (Takashi Ono of Japan in gymnastics is the other).
4. Vera Cáslavská
Medals: 7 Gold; 4 Silver = 47 points
Attractive, vivacious and talented, Vera Cáslavská of Czechoslovakia was the outstanding gymnast at the 1964 and 1968 Games. In Tokyo she won three gold medals and a silver, winning the all-around on the balance beam and the horse vault, and finishing second in the team event. In 1968 at Mexico she dominated, winning four golds (one shared) and two silvers. Her 1968 golds came in the individual all-around, floor exercises, horse vault, and uneven parallel bars. Cáslavská also won a silver medal in the team event in 1960, giving her a total of 11 Olympic medals, which has only been accomplished by Larisa Latynina (USSR) among female gymnasts.
After winning her final gold medal in 1968 she married Czech Olympic silver medalist (1,500 meters in 1964) Josef Odložil (1938-1993), in Mexico. Her victories at Mexico City were dramatic, given the political tenor of the times. She defeated Soviet gymnasts shortly after Soviet tanks had invaded her homeland of Czechoslovakia. At the World Championships, Cáslavská won the 1966 all-around, and the vault in both 1962 and 1966. She was all-around European champion in 1965 and 1967, and in 1965, she won the title in all five individual events. In 1989, Cáslavská was appointed President of the Czech Olympic Committee, and in 1995 she was elected as a member of the International Olympic Committee.
3. Jenny Thompson
Medals: 8 Gold; 3 Silver; 1 Bronze = 51 points
With 12 medals and eight gold medals, Jenny Thompson has won more swimming medals and gold medals than any woman in Olympic history. But all eight of her gold medals came in relays and this immensely talented swimmer was frustrated in her attempt to win an individual Olympic gold medal. Her only individual medals were a silver in the 1992 100-meter freestyle and a bronze in the same event in 2000.
While attending medical school, Thompson came out of retirement and made the 2004 Olympic team and won two silver for relays in Athens. Twenty-three times a national champion, she was more successful individually at the World Championships, winning the 100-meter free and 100-meter fly at the 1998 worlds. At another major international event, the Pan-Pacifics, Thompson also won the 50-meter freestyle four times (1989, 1991, 1993, 1999), the 100-meter freestyle four times (1993-99), and the 100-meter fly three times (1993, 1997-1999). Among all female Olympians, Thompson’s eight gold medals are surpassed only by Larisa Latynina’s nine in gymnastics, and equaled by Birgit Schmidt-Fischer in canoeing. Thompson has since become a physician.
2. Birgit Schmidt-Fischer
Medals: 8 Gold; 4 Silver = 52 points
Birgit Schmidt-Fischer of Germany (formerly East Germany) is considered the greatest female canoeist of all time. Her total of 37 medals (1979-2005) and 27 gold medals (1979-1998) at the World Championships has never been approached and her 12 Olympic medals and eight gold medals are also records. Representing East Germany (GDR) she won the Olympic K1 title in 1980 (as Miss Fischer) and the K2 and K4 in 1988. After a three-year break from competition, during which she gave birth to her second child, she won the K1 in 1992 as a member of the unified German team.
In 1996 at Atlanta, she paddled with the German K4 team to win her fifth gold medal, and at Sydney in 2000, she added two gold in both K2 and K4. Her husband, Jörg Schmidt, was a World Champion and Olympic silver medalist (in the C1-1,000 in 1988). Birgit Fischer initially retired after the 2000 Olympic Games, but returned in 2003 and competed in the 2004 Olympic Games, winning a gold and silver medal. She has now won gold medals at six different Olympic Games spanning 24 years. Schmidt-Fischer also won two medals at the 2005 World Championships.
1. Larisa Latynina
Medals: 9 Gold; 5 Silver; 4 Bronze = 88 points
The Soviet gymnast, Larisa Latynina, holds the distinction of having won the most medals of any athlete (male or female) in Olympic history. Between 1956 and 1964 she won medals in 18 gymnastics events, as follows: Gold (9) – 1956 all-around, 1956 floor exercises, 1956 vault, 1956 team, 1960 all-around, 1960 floor exercises, 1960 team, 1964 floor exercises, and 1964 team; Silver (5) – 1956 uneven parallel bars, 1960 balance beam, 1960 uneven parallel bars, 1964 all-around, and 1964 horse vault; and Bronze (4) – 1956 team portable apparatus, 1960 horse vault, 1964 balance beam, and 1964 uneven parallel bars.
She failed to medal only in the 1956 balance beam in which she finished with a tie for fourth. She also won six titles at the 1958 and 1962 World Championships in individual events. At the 1957 European Championships, Latynina won all five individual events – all-around and the four apparatus finals. After her retirement from competition she became the national gymnastics team coach.
source
Description: The Top 10 Greatest Female Athletes In Modern Olympian History
Rating: 5.0
Reviewer: garry bale
ItemReviewed: The Top 10 Greatest Female Athletes In Modern Olympian History
The first women to compete in the Olympic Games played a quiet croquet match in a cauldron of trees and grass in Paris in 1900. There was only one paying spectator, an unnamed “gentle Englishman,” as the official Olympic report recalls. Since then, the games have changed immensely. One of the biggest changes has been the support and addition of women’s sports. Today, these sports have placed women in the athletic spotlight making some of these competitions the most closely followed games in the Olympics. From these games, I have selected the top ten greatest female athletes in Olympian history.
In an effort to maintain objectivity in determining the top ten greatest female athletes in modern Olympian history, I used the Luchies Olympic Formula (LOF) for medals in which Gold = 5 Points; Silver = 3 Points; Bronze = 2 Points to obtain a point total for each athlete. In doing so, I was able to rank the top ten greatest female athletes according to the total scores on the LOF. While everyone may not agree with this methodology, I think most will agree that all these outstanding achievements should be celebrated.
10. Amy Van Dyken
Medals: 6 Gold = 30 points
When Amy Van Dyken was in high school, her swimming teammates teased her. They said she swam so slowly that they did not want her on their team anymore. Other students made fun of Van Dyken because she was so tall and acted like a “nerd.” In addition to the teasing, she also suffered from asthma, a disease that made it so hard for her to breathe that she could not even climb stairs. Despite all these obstacles, Van Dyken kept swimming. Soon she was so good that she became the star of her team. In July 1996, at the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, Van Dyken swam into the record books by becoming the first American woman to win four gold medals in one Olympic Games.
9. Natalie Coughlin
Medals: 3 Gold; 4 Silver; 4 Bronze = 35 points
Natalie Coughlin burst onto the international swim scene at the 2001 World Championships, winning a gold medal in the 100 backstroke and a bronze in the 50 backstroke. In 2002 at the Pan-Pacifics, she was more dominant, winning six medals, four gold with three individual championships in the 100-free, 100-fly, and 100-back. Coughlin was an early favorite for the 2004 Olympics, but her performance in 2003, and especially at the World Championships, was unimpressive. There she won only two relay medals, although it was later revealed that she was quite sick and had considered not competing. Although somewhat overshadowed by the media attention given Michael Phelps, Coughlin was the top female swimmer at the 2004 Olympic Games, winning five medals, including two gold. Individually, she won the 100 meter backstroke and finished third in the 100 freestyle. She won her second gold medal in the 800 meter freestyle relay and added two silvers as a member of the United States’ teams in the other relays.
Coughlin continued after 2004 and won a 4×200 freestyle relay gold medal at the 2005 World Championships. In 2007, she won the 100-backstroke and 200-freestyle at the Worlds, adding a gold medal in the 4×2 free relay. In Beijing, she was again eclipsed by the frenzy that surrounded American swimmers Michael Phelps and Dara Torres. But she competed in six events, winning a medal in all of them, highlighted by an individual gold medal in the 100 backstroke, becoming the first woman to defend that Olympic title. In two Olympics, she competed in 11 events and won 11 medals, three gold.
8. Polina Astakhova
Medals: 5 Gold, 2 Silver, 3 Bronze = 37 points
For number eight on our list, we have a tie between two great female athletes, Polina Astakhova and Raisa Smetanina. Polina Astakhova won team gold medals at the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympic Games, a feat that she shares with Larisa Latynina, making them the only gymnasts to be members of three gold-medal winning teams. Astakhova also won gold on the uneven parallel bars and placed third in the individual all-around in both 1960 and 1964. She added silver medals in both 1960 and 1964 in the floor exercises, and her final Olympic tally included 10 medals, five gold, three silver, and two bronze. At the world championships she was less successful, but was a member of the Soviet Union team that won the team title in both 1958 and 1962.
8. Raisa Smetanina
Medals: 4 Gold; 5 Silver; 1 Bronze = 37 points
Over a long career that encompassed five Olympics, Raisa Smetanina compiled one of the greatest records of any female cross-country skier. She grew up in an area near the Ural Mountains called Komi, where she learned to ski in the frigid winters. A loner, she grew up as an only child, and remained single throughout her long career, focusing almost exclusively on her skiing. She began skiing in 1967 and was first named to the Soviet national team in 1972. Smetanina first came to international attention at the 1974 World Championships where she finished first in the 5-kilometer and helped the Soviet Union relay team to win the championship. This led to her greatest Olympic performance at Innsbruck in 1976. She competed in three events, medaling in all three, with silver in 5 kilometers; and gold in the 10-kilometer and the relay.
Smetanina competed at the Olympic Winter Games in 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, and 1992, retiring after the Albertville Olympics. During that time, she won 10 Olympic medals, including four gold. Two of the gold medals came in 1976, and she added another individual gold in the 1980 5-kilometer. Smetanina’s Olympic career ended when she helped the Soviet women’s relay team to a gold at the 1992 Winter Olympics. Her gold medal in the relay came only 12 days before her fortieth birthday, making her the oldest female gold medalist in Olympic Winter history.
Raisa Smetanina also won 13 medals at the World Championships. Of these, three were gold medals, including relay titles with the Soviet Union team in 1974 and 1985. Her only individual world title came in the 20-kilometer in 1982. In addition to her international triumphs, Smetanina was 21 times champion of the Soviet Union and was named an Emeritus Master of Sport of the USSR. Smetanina grew up skiing in the classical Nordic style, and never adjusted well to the skating technique which was popularized in the early 1980’s. She stubbornly refused to learn the skating style and thereafter her competition was confined to the shorter classical style races.
7. Agnes Keleti
Medals: 5 Gold; 3 Silver; 2 Bronze = 38 points
Agnes Keleti is the greatest gymnast ever produced by Hungary. She first became interested in gymnastics shortly before World War II and her training began at the well-known Jewish VAC Club of Budapest. She quickly became a top young gymnast, but her career was interrupted by World War II. During the war her father was removed to Auschwitz, where he was killed by the Nazis. Agnes Keleti and the rest of her family survived by finding refuge in a “Swedish House” administered by Raoul Wallenberg, who became quite famous for assisting Jews to escape from concentration camps.
After World War II, Keleti returned to gymnastics and won her first Hungarian championship in 1946, on the uneven parallel bars. In 1947, she made her first international impact when she dominated the Central European Gymnastics Championships. She initially earned her living as a fur worker, but she was later a demonstrator at the Faculty of Gymnastics of the Budapest School for Physical Culture. Keleti was also an accomplished professional musician playing the cello. After serving as an alternate in 1948, Keleti competed in the 1952 and 1956 Olympic Games, at which she won 10 medals, including five gold. At the 1954 World Gymnastics Championships she won the uneven parallel bars, for her only individual world title. She was also on the winning Hungarian team in the team portable apparatus event. Keleti won four medals at the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, including gold on the floor exercises. Her greatest gymnastics feats came at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics when she won six medals, including four gold. In the individual apparatus finals she won the balance beam, floor exercises, and the uneven parallel bars. She had a poor performance on the vault where she placed twenty-third and the all-around individual gold finishing second to the Soviet Union’s Larisa Latynina. Keleti also won gold as part of the Hungarian team in the portable apparatus event.
Despite her success in Melbourne, politics again interceded in her career. In late October, Israel invaded Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula, and then shortly before the 1956 Olympics, on 4 November 1956, Soviet tanks entered Budapest to quell an uprising there. The two events led to a small boycott of the Olympics. Although Hungary competed, many of its athletes defected, and Keleti was among them. She stayed in Australia and then settled in Israel, where she taught physical education at the Orde Wingate Institute and later became the national women’s gymnastics coach.
6. Lyubov Yegorova
Medals: 6 Gold; 3 Silver = 39 points
Lyubov Yegorova is the most successful female Winter Olympian. Only one person has won more Olympic Winter titles than Yegorova and he was also a cross country skier named Bjorn Daehlie.
Yegorova dominated the women’s cross country events at both the 1992 and 1994 Olympics, medalling in nine of the 10 events held. She was also successful at the World Championships, winning two titles in 1991, and four medals overall including a relay title in 1993. In 1994 she also won the prestigious Holmenkollen medal.
After an absence in which she became a mother, she returned with her fourth world title in Trondheim at the 1997 World Championships. However, a few days after her victory, she was found to have used the illegal substance Bromantan and Yegorova was subsequently stripped of her title and banned from competition for two years. She returned to competition after two years, but was unable to reach her previous successes though she managed to place fifth in the Salt Lake 10-kilometer race.
5. Dara Torres
Medals: 4 Gold; 4 Silver; 4 Bronze = 40 points
Dara Torres has had the longest successful career of any Olympic swimmer, one which has seen her win 12 Olympic medals and four gold. Torres began her career in 1984, winning a gold medal in the 4 x 100 freestyle relay. She added a silver and bronze in relays in 1988, and seemingly ended her swimming career with another gold in the 4 x 100 freestyle relay in 1992. Tall and strikingly attractive, Torres then began a career as a model, becoming the first athlete to appear in the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue. She also achieved notice as a commercial spokeswoman on an infomercial for a fitness training method, but in late 1998, she elected to return to competitive swimming. With little time to prepare, she returned to the Olympic pool at Sydney, and won five medals, including two gold in relays. She won three individual bronze medals at Sydney one in the 50-meter freestyle, the 100-meter freestyle, and the 100-meter fly.
Again retiring after the 2000 Olympics, Torres did not compete in Athens. But in 2006 she began training to make another Olympic team and made the US team for Beijing, winning the Olympic Trials in both the 50 and 100 meter freestyle. But she elected to compete in Beijing only in the 50 and the 4×100 freestyles and medley relays. Aged 41, the oldest ever female Olympic swimmer, Torres won a silver medal in the 50-meter freestyle, a race in which she was lost the gold by only 1/100th of a second. She added silver medals in both relays. Torres finished her Olympic career lacking only an individual gold medal. She has won four medals of each color, one of only two Olympians to have won four or more medals of each type (Takashi Ono of Japan in gymnastics is the other).
4. Vera Cáslavská
Medals: 7 Gold; 4 Silver = 47 points
Attractive, vivacious and talented, Vera Cáslavská of Czechoslovakia was the outstanding gymnast at the 1964 and 1968 Games. In Tokyo she won three gold medals and a silver, winning the all-around on the balance beam and the horse vault, and finishing second in the team event. In 1968 at Mexico she dominated, winning four golds (one shared) and two silvers. Her 1968 golds came in the individual all-around, floor exercises, horse vault, and uneven parallel bars. Cáslavská also won a silver medal in the team event in 1960, giving her a total of 11 Olympic medals, which has only been accomplished by Larisa Latynina (USSR) among female gymnasts.
After winning her final gold medal in 1968 she married Czech Olympic silver medalist (1,500 meters in 1964) Josef Odložil (1938-1993), in Mexico. Her victories at Mexico City were dramatic, given the political tenor of the times. She defeated Soviet gymnasts shortly after Soviet tanks had invaded her homeland of Czechoslovakia. At the World Championships, Cáslavská won the 1966 all-around, and the vault in both 1962 and 1966. She was all-around European champion in 1965 and 1967, and in 1965, she won the title in all five individual events. In 1989, Cáslavská was appointed President of the Czech Olympic Committee, and in 1995 she was elected as a member of the International Olympic Committee.
3. Jenny Thompson
Medals: 8 Gold; 3 Silver; 1 Bronze = 51 points
With 12 medals and eight gold medals, Jenny Thompson has won more swimming medals and gold medals than any woman in Olympic history. But all eight of her gold medals came in relays and this immensely talented swimmer was frustrated in her attempt to win an individual Olympic gold medal. Her only individual medals were a silver in the 1992 100-meter freestyle and a bronze in the same event in 2000.
While attending medical school, Thompson came out of retirement and made the 2004 Olympic team and won two silver for relays in Athens. Twenty-three times a national champion, she was more successful individually at the World Championships, winning the 100-meter free and 100-meter fly at the 1998 worlds. At another major international event, the Pan-Pacifics, Thompson also won the 50-meter freestyle four times (1989, 1991, 1993, 1999), the 100-meter freestyle four times (1993-99), and the 100-meter fly three times (1993, 1997-1999). Among all female Olympians, Thompson’s eight gold medals are surpassed only by Larisa Latynina’s nine in gymnastics, and equaled by Birgit Schmidt-Fischer in canoeing. Thompson has since become a physician.
2. Birgit Schmidt-Fischer
Medals: 8 Gold; 4 Silver = 52 points
Birgit Schmidt-Fischer of Germany (formerly East Germany) is considered the greatest female canoeist of all time. Her total of 37 medals (1979-2005) and 27 gold medals (1979-1998) at the World Championships has never been approached and her 12 Olympic medals and eight gold medals are also records. Representing East Germany (GDR) she won the Olympic K1 title in 1980 (as Miss Fischer) and the K2 and K4 in 1988. After a three-year break from competition, during which she gave birth to her second child, she won the K1 in 1992 as a member of the unified German team.
In 1996 at Atlanta, she paddled with the German K4 team to win her fifth gold medal, and at Sydney in 2000, she added two gold in both K2 and K4. Her husband, Jörg Schmidt, was a World Champion and Olympic silver medalist (in the C1-1,000 in 1988). Birgit Fischer initially retired after the 2000 Olympic Games, but returned in 2003 and competed in the 2004 Olympic Games, winning a gold and silver medal. She has now won gold medals at six different Olympic Games spanning 24 years. Schmidt-Fischer also won two medals at the 2005 World Championships.
1. Larisa Latynina
Medals: 9 Gold; 5 Silver; 4 Bronze = 88 points
The Soviet gymnast, Larisa Latynina, holds the distinction of having won the most medals of any athlete (male or female) in Olympic history. Between 1956 and 1964 she won medals in 18 gymnastics events, as follows: Gold (9) – 1956 all-around, 1956 floor exercises, 1956 vault, 1956 team, 1960 all-around, 1960 floor exercises, 1960 team, 1964 floor exercises, and 1964 team; Silver (5) – 1956 uneven parallel bars, 1960 balance beam, 1960 uneven parallel bars, 1964 all-around, and 1964 horse vault; and Bronze (4) – 1956 team portable apparatus, 1960 horse vault, 1964 balance beam, and 1964 uneven parallel bars.
She failed to medal only in the 1956 balance beam in which she finished with a tie for fourth. She also won six titles at the 1958 and 1962 World Championships in individual events. At the 1957 European Championships, Latynina won all five individual events – all-around and the four apparatus finals. After her retirement from competition she became the national gymnastics team coach.
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Description: The Top 10 Greatest Female Athletes In Modern Olympian History
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Reviewer: garry bale
ItemReviewed: The Top 10 Greatest Female Athletes In Modern Olympian History
Pada abad 17 dan 18, histeria vampire pernah menyapu Eropa. Banyak penduduk Eropa yang melaporkan melihat keluarga mereka yang telah meninggal hidup kembali dan berjalan di pedesaan serta menyerang penduduk lainnya.
